The category Nephrology provides all types of information related to kidney. This category (Nephrology) involves the anatomy and physiology of the kidney (normal functioning), diagnostic procedures and treatment options along with diseases of the kidneys.
Introduction Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic condition characterized by bilateral renal cysts (fluid-filled sacs) and renal enlargement. It is a progressive multisystem illness involving other organs e.g., liver, pancreas, spleen, etc. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) are two primary types of PKD. Kidney failure can … Read more
Introduction The anatomy of the kidney consists of gross and microscopic structures. The kidney is a vital organ in the human body responsible for many functions, including regulating salt and electrolyte, maintaining fluid balance, filtering waste products from the blood, and producing urine. The average adult renal blood flow is 1,000 to 1,400 ml per … Read more
Introduction Proteinuria is a general term that refers to protein in the urine. It refers to the presence of proteins in the urine, such as albumin, globulin, Bence-Jones protein, and mucoprotein. The distal tubule produces Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, which accounts for over half of the protein lost in normal urine. Any number higher than the average … Read more
Introduction Goodpasture syndrome (GS), also known as anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (anti-GBM), is an autoimmune condition that affects the kidneys and lungs by causing the development of autoantibodies that target their basement membranes. Incidence Causes of Goodpasture Syndrome Goodpasture syndrome appears to be caused by environmental insults in those who have a genetic susceptibility. HLA-DR15 … Read more
Introduction Ureteritis is defined as inflammation of the ureters, which is a tube that connects the kidneys to the bladder. The inflammation or infection of the ureters causes discomfort and various complications. Incidence Classification of Ureteritis Based on cause Based on duration Based on location Other Types Eosinophilic ureteritis Xanthogranulomatous ureteritis Ureteritis cystica (UC) Causes … Read more
Introduction Post-transplant erythrocytosis (PTE) is defined as elevated hemoglobin (Hb) levels greater than 17 g/dL or hematocrit (Hct) levels greater than 51% for more than six months in the absence of thrombocytosis, leukocytosis, or another probable source of erythrocytosis following kidney transplantation. Erythrocytosis, also called polycythemia, is a disorder of red blood cells that occurs … Read more
Introduction Lithotripsy is a medical procedure used to break up kidney stones and other stones in the urinary tract into smaller fragments so that they can be more easily passed out of the body. Types of Lithotripsy Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) Intracorporeal Lithotripsy Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy (EHL) Laser Lithotripsy Ultrasound Lithotripsy Indications of Lithotripsy Lithotripsy … Read more
Introduction A kidney (renal) transplant is a surgical procedure that replaces a damaged kidney with a healthy kidney obtained from a donor. The best replacement therapy for people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a kidney transplant since it extends lifespan and quality of life. Advantages of Kidney Transplant Indications of Kidney Transplant Contraindications of … Read more
Introduction A kidney (renal) biopsy is an invasive diagnostic technique that is performed to collect a segment of renal tissue, generally with the use of a needle or similar surgical tool. In patients with the renal parenchymal disease, kidney biopsy continues to be the gold standard for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis prediction. Indications of Kidney … Read more
Introduction Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a rapid and generally reversible loss of kidney function manifested by an elevation of serum creatinine level and a reduction of urine output. The synonyms of AKI are acute renal failure and acute renal insufficiency. Incidence Classification of Acute Kidney Injury The classifications of acute kidney injury are based … Read more