The category Nephrology provides all types of information related to kidney. This category (Nephrology) involves the anatomy and physiology of the kidney (normal functioning), diagnostic procedures and treatment options along with diseases of the kidneys.
Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term disease marked by gradual and permanent kidney deterioration that impairs kidney function over time. Incidence Classification of Chronic Kidney Disease The classification of CKD is based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the amount of proteinuria, and it aids in the risk stratification of patients. … Read more
Introduction Hydronephrosis is defined as dilatation and distension of one or both kidneys’ renal collecting systems due to blockage of urine outflow distal to the renal pelvis (i.e., ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra). Incidence Causes of Hydronephrosis The causes of hydronephrosis can be classified as intrinsic and extrinsic causes. Intrinsic causes Extrinsic causes Renal stones … Read more
Introduction Pyelonephritis refers to a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by bacteria that ascend from the lower to upper ranges of the genitourinary system, such as the kidney. It is a bacterial infection in the kidney and renal pelvis- the upper urinary tract. An ascending UTI, which spreads from the bladder to the … Read more
The Acid Concentrate in Bicarbonate Dialysis The acid concentrate is vital in bicarbonate dialysis. Due to the diffusion of dissolved substances from the blood into the dialysis solution and vice versa, the blood concentrations can be increased, decreased, or kept constant. Sodium Sodium significantly influences the volume and osmolarity of the extracellular fluid. Therefore, sodium … Read more
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is one of the most important physiological systems which plays a crucial role in controlling blood volume by regulating fluid and electrolyte balance. It involves many organs and hormones. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) Microscopic structure of the kidney Nephron Juxtaglomerular Apparatus Renin When is renin produced? Mechanism of The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System … Read more
Recirculation Recirculation in hemodialysis occurs when blood that has already been dialyzed is fed back into the dialyzer. Causes of Recirculation in Hemodialysis Fistula-Related Recirculation Cardiopulmonary Recirculation Blood Tubing System-Related (extracorporeal circuit) Recirculation The Vascular Access The Blood Tubing System Recognizing Recirculation during Hemodialysis Measuring Method of Recirculation in Hemodialysis Urea based Non-urea based The … Read more
As the effectiveness of hemodialysis depends on the urea value, let´s first understand urea. Each dialysis facility must record and report the so-called quality indicators of every patient quarterly. These include: Measurement of the effectiveness of hemodialysis There are mainly two ways to measure the effectiveness of hemodialysis. The Urea Reduction Rate (URR) K×t/V K … Read more
Proportioning of the Dialysis Solution Proportioning means the defined enrichment of the dialysis solution with electrolytes. The electrolytes are now available as an acid concentrate in liquid form in containers, canisters, and the bicarbonate – as Bicart or Bibag. The acid concentration usually contains five electrolytes: sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and … Read more
Dialysate (Dialysis Solution for the Hemodialysis) Dialysate, also called dialysis fluid or dialysis solution, is a simple composition of pure treated water, an acidic component (acid) and a base component (sodium bicarbonate). It is mixed in the dialysis machine before it comes to the dialyzer. The electrolyte and acid-base imbalances are typical effects of end-stage … Read more
Bicarbonate in Bicarbonate Dialysis There is a significant role of bicarbonate in bicarbonate dialysis. Two concentrates are used in bicarbonate dialysis: the so-called acid component and a bicarbonate solution (8.4%). Bicarbonate Buffer Hydrogen ions (H+) formed during metabolism are buffered to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which decomposes into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Carbon dioxide … Read more