Introduction Influenza (Flu) is a severe, extremely contagious viral respiratory infection that is mostly brought on by the influenza virus. Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae RNA virus family and are divided into influenza A, B, C and D based on their main antigenic distinctions. A wide range of animal species, in addition to … Read more
Introduction CT scan (or Computed tomography scan) is a computerized x-ray imaging technique in which a narrow beam of x-rays is focused on a person and rotated quickly around the body that produces signals that are processed by the computer to create cross-sectional tomographic images (slices). CT scans are also called Computed Axial Tomography (CAT) … Read more
Introduction Urinary incontinence (UI) is a medical disorder that causes involuntary urine leakage from the bladder. It is a widespread disease that can affect people of all ages, although it affects females more than males. Incidence Classification of Urinary Incontinence Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) Urge urinary incontinence (UUI) Mixed urinary incontinence Overflow urinary incontinence Functional … Read more
Introduction Herpes zoster (HZ), popularly known as shingles, is an infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a ubiquitous DNA virus that belongs to the family of human herpes viruses. VZV is a virus that also causes chickenpox. The chickenpox virus lies dormant (inactive) after the resolution of chickenpox in the ganglia of the … Read more
Introduction Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a rapid and generally reversible loss of kidney function manifested by an elevation of serum creatinine level and a reduction of urine output. The synonyms of AKI are acute renal failure and acute renal insufficiency. Incidence Classification of Acute Kidney Injury The classifications of acute kidney injury are based … Read more
Introduction Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder in which a group of nerve cells (neurons) in the brain signal abnormally and cause seizures. Status epilepticus Incidence According to World Health Organization (WHO), epilepsy accounts for more than 0.5% of the global burden of disease and is one of the most common neurological diseases globally. Low … Read more
Introduction Myelography is an invasive diagnostic procedure used to examine the spinal canal using x-rays. The method was first described by Sicard and Forestier in 1921. Indications of Myelography Contraindications of Myelography Absolute contraindications Relative contraindications Procedure Before the Procedure During the Procedure After the Procedure Benefits of Myelography Risks of Myelography Summary References
Introduction Prostatitis is an infection or inflammation of the prostate gland that manifests as several syndromes with variable clinical characteristics. Prostatitis is described as microscopic inflammation of the prostate gland tissue and is a diagnosis that encompasses a wide variety of clinical disorders. Epidemiology Classification The International Prostatitis Collaborative Network and the National Institutes of … Read more
Introduction Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) is one of the minimally invasive procedures that use microwave radiation to produce coagulation necrosis in prostatic tissue. Indications of TUMT Persons with moderate to severe voiding symptoms due to BPH, those experiencing side effects from medical therapy, those who have failed medical therapy, and those who choose not to … Read more
Introduction Hepatitis B is a serious and common infectious disease of the liver caused by a Hepatitis B virus (HBV), an enveloped virus containing a partially double-stranded DNA genome belonging to the ‘Hepadnaviridae’ family Incidence Types of Hepatitis B Infection There are two types of hepatitis B infections: Acute Hepatitis B Infection Chronic Hepatitis B … Read more