Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition characterized by increased blood glucose level, polyuria (excessive urine output), polydipsia (excessive thirst), and polyphagia (excessive hunger). If left untreated or uncontrolled may lead to serious damage to the heart, kidney, eyes, and blood vessels. Regulation of Blood Glucose in Healthy Condition Insulin Types of Diabetes … Read more
What is gestational diabetes (GD)? Gestational diabetes is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism that occurs or recognizes for the first-time during pregnancy. With an incidence of around 5%, it is one of the most common diseases in pregnancy. In gestational diabetes, blood glucose levels elevate. It slightly increases the risk for certain rare birth complications. … Read more
Introduction Septic shock is a serious medical condition that occurs as a severe complication of an infection. It is the most common type of circulatory shock. It is thought to be a progression of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) with a significant rise in mortality due to severe circulatory … Read more
Introduction Proteinuria is a general term that refers to protein in the urine. It refers to the presence of proteins in the urine, such as albumin, globulin, Bence-Jones protein, and mucoprotein. The distal tubule produces Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, which accounts for over half of the protein lost in normal urine. Any number higher than the average … Read more
Introduction The word pneumonia originated from the Greek word- ‘pneumon’ meaning ‘lung’. So, the word pneumonia is a disease related to the lungs. Incidence Types of Pneumonia Based on source of infection Based on microbes Viral Influenza virus type A Cytomegalovirus Bacterial Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal pneumonia)Klebsiella pneumoniaHemophilus influenza Pseudomonas aeruginosa Streptococcus aureus Fungal Pneumocystis carinii … Read more
Introduction Post-transplant erythrocytosis (PTE) is defined as elevated hemoglobin (Hb) levels greater than 17 g/dL or hematocrit (Hct) levels greater than 51% for more than six months in the absence of thrombocytosis, leukocytosis, or another probable source of erythrocytosis following kidney transplantation. Erythrocytosis, also called polycythemia, is a disorder of red blood cells that occurs … Read more
Introduction A kidney (renal) transplant is a surgical procedure that replaces a damaged kidney with a healthy kidney obtained from a donor. The best replacement therapy for people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a kidney transplant since it extends lifespan and quality of life. Advantages of Kidney Transplant Indications of Kidney Transplant Contraindications of … Read more
Introduction Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders of reproductive-age women caused by hormonal imbalances produced by the ovary. Incidence Signs and Symptoms of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Causes of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Risk Factors Pathophysiology Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome History taking Physical Examination Investigations Since the manifestations of … Read more
Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term disease marked by gradual and permanent kidney deterioration that impairs kidney function over time. Incidence Classification of Chronic Kidney Disease The classification of CKD is based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the amount of proteinuria, and it aids in the risk stratification of patients. … Read more
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially fatal contagious disease primarily affecting lung parenchyma. In most cases, an acid-fast bacillus (AFB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB. TB, a multi-systemic disease with a wide range of manifestations and presentations, is the leading cause of infectious disease-related mortality worldwide. Approximately 30% of people worldwide are infected with this pathogen, … Read more