Introduction Pyelonephritis refers to a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by bacteria that ascend from the lower to upper ranges of the genitourinary system, such as the kidney. It is a bacterial infection in the kidney and renal pelvis- the upper urinary tract. An ascending UTI, which spreads from the bladder to the … Read more
Introduction Hypoglycemia is an urgent medical condition in which blood sugar (glucose) level is lower than the standard range, typically below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L). However, symptoms may occur if plasma glucose levels fall below 55 mg/dL (3.0 mmol/l). Hypoglycemia is often related to diabetes treatment. But other drugs and several conditions can cause low … Read more
Introduction Pyelogram is an x-ray procedure that uses radiopaque fluid to provide an image of the renal pelvis and urinary system. In other words, it is a radiographic examination of a renal pelvis following the injection of radiopaque material through the ureter or into a vein. Type of pyelogram Intravenous pyelogram Indication Contraindications There is … Read more
Introduction Cystitis refers to a group of disorders with different etiologies and pathologic processes but similar clinical manifestations. The most common symptoms are dysuria, frequency, urgency, and, on rare occasions, suprapubic discomfort. Incidence Classification of Cystitis According to Etiology There are many medically distinct forms of cystitis, each with a different etiology and treatment strategy: … Read more
Introduction Hysterectomy is a major surgical procedure in which the uterus is removed along with or without the removal of the cervix, ovaries, fallopian tubes, or other surrounding structures. Epidemiology Indications of Hysterectomy Risks and Side Effects of Hysterectomy Types of Hysterectomy It can be done either through the incision of the abdomen or vagina … Read more
Introduction Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux) is also known as prosopalgia, the Suicide Disease, or Fothergill’s disease. According to the International Association for the Study of Pain; Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux) is sudden, usually unilateral, severe brief stabbing recurrent pains in the distribution of one or more branches of the fifth cranial nerve. According to the … Read more
Introduction A paleo diet is also known as the Paleolithic diet, caveman diet, and Stone-age diet. It is the dietary pattern centered on the consumption of wild foods which were widely consumed during the Paleolithic era. Components of Paleo Nutrition Nutrients Amount Protein High (19-35%) Carbohydrate Moderate (22-40%) Total fat Moderate (28-47%) … Read more
Introduction The DASH diet is a well-designed approach to treat and prevent hypertension. DASH stands for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. Types of the DASH Diet The DASH diet has two variants depending on its sodium content. DASH Diet and Sodium Recommended Servings The following diet plan shows an example of daily and weekly servings … Read more
Antihypertensive Drugs are a group of drugs used to treat high blood pressure (Hypertension). Hypertension Classification of Hypertension Primary hypertension Secondary hypertension Categories of Blood Pressure The new categories of blood pressure (BP) according to the American Heart Association are shown in the figure below. These categories should not be based on BP readings at a … Read more
Introduction The difference between vegetarianism and veganism is confusing. Vegetarianism and vegetarian diet Category of vegetarians The following table shows the different categories of vegetarians. Categories of Vegetarians Diet Lacto-vegetarian Includes· Milk and milk products· Plant-based foods (cereals, pulses, legumes)· Vegetables and fruitsExcludes· Meat· Fish· Eggs Lacto-ovo-vegetarian Includes· Eggs· Milk and milk products· Plant-based foods … Read more