Urology is a medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of conditions related to the urinary tract and the male reproductive system.
Introduction An inguinal hernia (IH) is a hernia (protrusion) of intraabdominal or extraperitoneal organs that occurs through the inguinal canal due to weakness of the lower abdominal muscles like a transverse and oblique muscle. Incidence Classification of Inguinal Hernia Based on the Anatomical Location Direct inguinal hernia Indirect inguinal hernia Pantaloon hernia Based on the … Read more
Introduction Urinary incontinence (UI) is a medical disorder that causes involuntary urine leakage from the bladder. It is a widespread disease that can affect people of all ages, although it affects females more than males. Incidence Classification of Urinary Incontinence Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) Urge urinary incontinence (UUI) Mixed urinary incontinence Overflow urinary incontinence Functional … Read more
Introduction Hematuria is defined as the presence of at least five red blood cells (RBCs)/high-power microscope field (HPF) in three successive centrifuged specimens taken at least seven days apart. Classification of Hematuria According to the Source Glomerular hematuria Glomerular hematuria is a significant sign of renal dysfunction. Non-glomerular hematuria Extrarenal hematuria According to the Visibility … Read more
Introduction Pyelogram is an x-ray procedure that uses radiopaque fluid to provide an image of the renal pelvis and urinary system. In other words, it is a radiographic examination of a renal pelvis following the injection of radiopaque material through the ureter or into a vein. Type of pyelogram Intravenous pyelogram Indication Contraindications There is … Read more
Introduction Prostatitis is an infection or inflammation of the prostate gland that manifests as several syndromes with variable clinical characteristics. Prostatitis is described as microscopic inflammation of the prostate gland tissue and is a diagnosis that encompasses a wide variety of clinical disorders. Epidemiology Classification The International Prostatitis Collaborative Network and the National Institutes of … Read more
Introduction Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) is one of the minimally invasive procedures that use microwave radiation to produce coagulation necrosis in prostatic tissue. Indications of TUMT Persons with moderate to severe voiding symptoms due to BPH, those experiencing side effects from medical therapy, those who have failed medical therapy, and those who choose not to … Read more
Introduction Urethritis is a lower urinary tract infection that causes inflammation of the urethra, a fibromuscular tube that excretes urine in both males and females and semen in males. Urethritis is closely linked to sexually transmitted diseases and can be gonococcal or non-gonococcal. Incidence Classification of Urethritis Gonococcal Urethritis (GU) Non-gonococcal Urethritis (NGU) Causes of … Read more
Introduction Cystitis refers to a group of disorders with different etiologies and pathologic processes but similar clinical manifestations. The most common symptoms are dysuria, frequency, urgency, and, on rare occasions, suprapubic discomfort. Incidence Classification of Cystitis According to Etiology There are many medically distinct forms of cystitis, each with a different etiology and treatment strategy: … Read more
Introduction Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are infections that affect any part of the urinary system. UTIs are a serious public health issue caused by a variety of organisms like Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Classification of Urinary Tract Infection According to the Level of Complexity Uncomplicated UTI … Read more
Introduction Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) refers to the nonmalignant enlargement or hyperplasia of prostate tissue and is a major cause of lower urinary tract symptoms in men. With age, the prevalence of the disease rises. Indeed, the histological prevalence of BPH at autopsy ranges from 50% to 60% in men in their 60s to 80% … Read more