Introduction Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) is one of the minimally invasive procedures that use microwave radiation to produce coagulation necrosis in prostatic tissue. Indications of TUMT Persons with moderate to severe voiding symptoms due to BPH, those experiencing side effects from medical therapy, those who have failed medical therapy, and those who choose not to … Read more
Introduction Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is the procedure in which electrical stimulation of the brain is done to produce seizures for therapeutic purposes. Types of Electroconvulsive Therapy Bilateral ECT: The electrodes affect the entire brain and are positioned on both the left and right sides of the head. Unilateral ECT: In this case, one electrode is … Read more
Introduction Hepatitis A is a highly contagious, short-term liver illness caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), a member of the Picornaviridae family of viruses with a single standard RNA and no envelope. Although it affects people everywhere, impoverished countries are where it is most common. The virus is frequently found in high amounts in … Read more
Introduction Urethritis is a lower urinary tract infection that causes inflammation of the urethra, a fibromuscular tube that excretes urine in both males and females and semen in males. Urethritis is closely linked to sexually transmitted diseases and can be gonococcal or non-gonococcal. Incidence Classification of Urethritis Gonococcal Urethritis (GU) Non-gonococcal Urethritis (NGU) Causes of … Read more
Introduction Mammography is soft tissue roentgenography (use of X-ray) to image the breast to detect breast cancer pathology and cancer. In mammography, low-dose X-rays are used which can show abnormal areas or tissues on the breast. It helps to detect cancer before the clinical manifestations of breast cancer occur. Epidemiology Recommendations for Mammography The American … Read more
Introduction Breast cancer is the most common cancer in females worldwide that starts in the cells of the breast. It is found mostly in women, but 1% of breast cancers are also found in the male. Epidemiology Anatomy of the Breast Types of Breast Cancer Based on Histological Subtypes Invasive Non-invasive Anatomical Classification Ductal carcinoma … Read more
Introduction Vaginal atrophy is thinning and inflammation of the vaginal wall as a result of a decrease in estrogen level. Most commonly, it is a consequence of aging which occurs, particularly after menopause when estrogen deprivation accelerates the process of deterioration of urogenital tissues. Epidemiology Causes of Vaginal Atrophy Risk Factors of Vaginal Atrophy Sign … Read more
Introduction A brain tumor is the growth of abnormal cells in the brain or other parts of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the spine or cranial nerves. Some tumors are malignant (cancerous), while others are benign (non-cancerous). Click here to understand the medical terms. Epidemiology According to International Agency for Research in Cancer, World … Read more
Introduction Cystitis refers to a group of disorders with different etiologies and pathologic processes but similar clinical manifestations. The most common symptoms are dysuria, frequency, urgency, and, on rare occasions, suprapubic discomfort. Incidence Classification of Cystitis According to Etiology There are many medically distinct forms of cystitis, each with a different etiology and treatment strategy: … Read more
Introduction Hysterectomy is a major surgical procedure in which the uterus is removed along with or without the removal of the cervix, ovaries, fallopian tubes, or other surrounding structures. Epidemiology Indications of Hysterectomy Risks and Side Effects of Hysterectomy Types of Hysterectomy It can be done either through the incision of the abdomen or vagina … Read more