Urinary Incontinence (UI): Classification, Management

Urinary Incontinence

Introduction Urinary incontinence (UI) is a medical disorder that causes involuntary urine leakage from the bladder. It is a widespread disease that can affect people of all ages, although it affects females more than males. Incidence Classification of Urinary Incontinence Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) Urge urinary incontinence (UUI) Mixed urinary incontinence Overflow urinary incontinence Functional … Read more

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

Introduction Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders of reproductive-age women caused by hormonal imbalances produced by the ovary.   Incidence Signs and Symptoms of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Causes of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Risk Factors Pathophysiology Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome History taking Physical Examination Investigations Since the manifestations of … Read more

Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

Herpes Zoster

Introduction Herpes zoster (HZ), popularly known as shingles, is an infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a ubiquitous DNA virus that belongs to the family of human herpes viruses. VZV is a virus that also causes chickenpox. The chickenpox virus lies dormant (inactive) after the resolution of chickenpox in the ganglia of the … Read more

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Introduction Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a rapid and generally reversible loss of kidney function manifested by an elevation of serum creatinine level and a reduction of urine output. The synonyms of AKI are acute renal failure and acute renal insufficiency. Incidence Classification of Acute Kidney Injury The classifications of acute kidney injury are based … Read more

Chickenpox (Varicella-Zoster)

Chickenpox

Introduction Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease caused by the Varicella-zoster virus (VZV). VZV is a Herpesviridae-family, linear, double-stranded DNA virus. These viruses spread through aerosolized respiratory droplets or contact with infected skin lesions and infect many tissues during primary infection before becoming dormant. They can reactivate later to cause disease. Incidence Incubation period Causes … Read more

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Introduction An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a diagnostic test which measures the electrical activity of the brain or the electrical signals sent between brain cells. This electrical activity is seen on a computer screen as ‘brain waves’, which are interpreted by a specialist doctor or a technician. EEG is usually done to identify seizures in clinical … Read more

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term disease marked by gradual and permanent kidney deterioration that impairs kidney function over time. Incidence Classification of Chronic Kidney Disease The classification of CKD is based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the amount of proteinuria, and it aids in the risk stratification of patients. … Read more

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Introduction Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is a type of scan that uses a large magnet or strong magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer to create a thorough, cross-sectional image of internal body organs, tissues, and different structures. Mechanism of MRI Scan Types of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Indications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI has … Read more

Encephalitis: Causes, Treatment, Prevention

Encephalitis

Introduction Encephalitis is derived from the Greek word enkephalos meaning “brain” and itis meaning “inflammation”, which simply means the inflammation of the brain. It is an infectious condition (mostly viral) of the central nervous system (CNS) and can be life-threatening. Incidence Types of Encephalitis Primary Encephalitis When a virus directly infects the brain and spinal cord, this is called primary … Read more