Introduction Proteinuria is a general term that refers to protein in the urine. It refers to the presence of proteins in the urine, such as albumin, globulin, Bence-Jones protein, and mucoprotein. The distal tubule produces Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, which accounts for over half of the protein lost in normal urine. Any number higher than the average … Read more
Introduction The word pneumonia originated from the Greek word- ‘pneumon’ meaning ‘lung’. So, the word pneumonia is a disease related to the lungs. Incidence Types of Pneumonia Based on source of infection Based on microbes Viral Influenza virus type A Cytomegalovirus Bacterial Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal pneumonia)Klebsiella pneumoniaHemophilus influenza Pseudomonas aeruginosa Streptococcus aureus Fungal Pneumocystis carinii … Read more
Introduction Bladder exstrophy also known as ectopic vesicae is defined as a rare congenital condition that is characterized by a variety of defects affecting the ventral body wall, urinary system, genitalia, bony pelvis, spine, anus, and other structures. Incidence Causes of Bladder Exstrophy Signs and Symptoms of Bladder Exstrophy Pathophysiology of Bladder Exstrophy Diagnosis of … Read more
Introduction Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a severe, vector-borne viral encephalitis disease that can be found all over the world but is most prevalent in Asia, the Western Pacific, and northern Australia. Based on incidence and severity, the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a flavivirus spread by mosquitoes, is the main cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. … Read more
Introduction Goodpasture syndrome (GS), also known as anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (anti-GBM), is an autoimmune condition that affects the kidneys and lungs by causing the development of autoantibodies that target their basement membranes. Incidence Causes of Goodpasture Syndrome Goodpasture syndrome appears to be caused by environmental insults in those who have a genetic susceptibility. HLA-DR15 … Read more
Introduction Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an acquired, rare autoimmune disorder caused by antibody-and cell-mediated destruction of acetylcholine receptors and blockade of neuromuscular transmission that results in episodic skeletal muscle weakness and easy fatigability. The autoimmune attack occurs when autoantibodies are produced against the nicotinic acetylcholine postsynaptic receptor (neurotransmitter-gated ion channel) at the neuromuscular junction of … Read more
Introduction Ureteritis is defined as inflammation of the ureters, which is a tube that connects the kidneys to the bladder. The inflammation or infection of the ureters causes discomfort and various complications. Incidence Classification of Ureteritis Based on cause Based on duration Based on location Other Types Eosinophilic ureteritis Xanthogranulomatous ureteritis Ureteritis cystica (UC) Causes … Read more
Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is progressive and occurs due to the death of nerve cells in the brain. It is the most common form of dementia caused by protein build-up in the brain affecting the transmission of messages in the brain cells. In general, Alzheimer’s disease affects parts of the brain … Read more
Introduction Post-transplant erythrocytosis (PTE) is defined as elevated hemoglobin (Hb) levels greater than 17 g/dL or hematocrit (Hct) levels greater than 51% for more than six months in the absence of thrombocytosis, leukocytosis, or another probable source of erythrocytosis following kidney transplantation. Erythrocytosis, also called polycythemia, is a disorder of red blood cells that occurs … Read more
Introduction Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a serious illness caused by the Ebola virus, belonging to the family of viruses known as Filoviridae that affects both humans and other primates. The Ebola virus is a non-segmented, linear, single-negative-stranded RNA virus. Ebola is a virus that damages tissue throughout the body and causes severe inflammation. A … Read more