Introduction Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders of reproductive-age women caused by hormonal imbalances produced by the ovary. Incidence Signs and Symptoms of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Causes of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Risk Factors Pathophysiology Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome History taking Physical Examination Investigations Since the manifestations of … Read more
Introduction Ovarian cancer is cancer that originates in the tissues of the ovary, the primary sex organ of females that produces female hormones and eggs for reproduction. Among all the female reproductive cancers, ovarian cancer is the most fatal. Therefore, it is a matter of global concern as it is typically diagnosed at a late … Read more
Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by human papilloma virus. Almost 50% of sexually active adults have been infected genital HPV types and most infections have sub-clinical manifestations. As HPV and cervical cancer are found to be associated together, early prevention and treatment of human Papillomavirus infection should be … Read more
Introduction Uterine prolapse is a condition characterized by the descent of the uterus and cervix, within or outside the vaginal canal from the vaginal introitus due to weak or damaged pelvic supporting structures. The uterus is supported by muscles and ligaments which help maintain the normal anteverted and anteflexed position of the uterus. Support of … Read more
Introduction Mammography is soft tissue roentgenography (use of X-ray) to image the breast to detect breast cancer pathology and cancer. In mammography, low-dose X-rays are used which can show abnormal areas or tissues on the breast. It helps to detect cancer before the clinical manifestations of breast cancer occur. Epidemiology Recommendations for Mammography The American … Read more
Introduction Breast cancer is the most common cancer in females worldwide that starts in the cells of the breast. It is found mostly in women, but 1% of breast cancers are also found in the male. Epidemiology Anatomy of the Breast Types of Breast Cancer Based on Histological Subtypes Invasive Non-invasive Anatomical Classification Ductal carcinoma … Read more
Introduction Vaginal atrophy is thinning and inflammation of the vaginal wall as a result of a decrease in estrogen level. Most commonly, it is a consequence of aging which occurs, particularly after menopause when estrogen deprivation accelerates the process of deterioration of urogenital tissues. Epidemiology Causes of Vaginal Atrophy Risk Factors of Vaginal Atrophy Sign … Read more
Introduction Hysterectomy is a major surgical procedure in which the uterus is removed along with or without the removal of the cervix, ovaries, fallopian tubes, or other surrounding structures. Epidemiology Indications of Hysterectomy Risks and Side Effects of Hysterectomy Types of Hysterectomy It can be done either through the incision of the abdomen or vagina … Read more
Introduction Endometriosis is derived from the Greek words, ‘endo’ meaning inside, ‘metra’ meaning uterus, and ‘osis’ meaning disease. Endometriosis is a chronic estrogen-dependent gynecological disease characterized by the ectopic implantation of the endometrial tissue outside the uterus. Epidemiology Types of Endometriosis The three most typical types of endometriosis are: Superficial peritoneal lesions Ovarian endometrioma Deep … Read more
Introduction A cervical biopsy is a minor surgical procedure in which a small amount of cervical tissue is removed for examination to detect abnormal or precancerous conditions or cervical cancer. Epidemiology Indications of Cervical Biopsy Histopathological examination of tissue through colposcopy-guided biopsy is the standard method for diagnosing cervical precancerous lesions. A cervical biopsy is … Read more