Introduction A kidney (renal) biopsy is an invasive diagnostic technique that is performed to collect a segment of renal tissue, generally with the use of a needle or similar surgical tool. In patients with the renal parenchymal disease, kidney biopsy continues to be the gold standard for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis prediction. Indications of Kidney … Read more
Introduction An inguinal hernia (IH) is a hernia (protrusion) of intraabdominal or extraperitoneal organs that occurs through the inguinal canal due to weakness of the lower abdominal muscles like a transverse and oblique muscle. Incidence Classification of Inguinal Hernia Based on the Anatomical Location Direct inguinal hernia Indirect inguinal hernia Pantaloon hernia Based on the … Read more
Introduction Urinary incontinence (UI) is a medical disorder that causes involuntary urine leakage from the bladder. It is a widespread disease that can affect people of all ages, although it affects females more than males. Incidence Classification of Urinary Incontinence Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) Urge urinary incontinence (UUI) Mixed urinary incontinence Overflow urinary incontinence Functional … Read more
Introduction Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a rapid and generally reversible loss of kidney function manifested by an elevation of serum creatinine level and a reduction of urine output. The synonyms of AKI are acute renal failure and acute renal insufficiency. Incidence Classification of Acute Kidney Injury The classifications of acute kidney injury are based … Read more
Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term disease marked by gradual and permanent kidney deterioration that impairs kidney function over time. Incidence Classification of Chronic Kidney Disease The classification of CKD is based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the amount of proteinuria, and it aids in the risk stratification of patients. … Read more
Introduction Hematuria is defined as the presence of at least five red blood cells (RBCs)/high-power microscope field (HPF) in three successive centrifuged specimens taken at least seven days apart. Classification of Hematuria According to the Source Glomerular hematuria Glomerular hematuria is a significant sign of renal dysfunction. Non-glomerular hematuria Extrarenal hematuria According to the Visibility … Read more
Introduction The retrograde flow of urine (regurgitation) from the urinary bladder to the upper urinary tract (kidney collecting system) is known as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Incidence Classification of Vesicoureteral Reflux Primary VUR Secondary VUR Causes of Vesicoureteral Reflux Primary VUR Lack of maturation of the vesicoureteral junction (VUJ) Congenital anomalies of the VUJ Secondary VUR … Read more
Introduction Hydronephrosis is defined as dilatation and distension of one or both kidneys’ renal collecting systems due to blockage of urine outflow distal to the renal pelvis (i.e., ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra). Incidence Causes of Hydronephrosis The causes of hydronephrosis can be classified as intrinsic and extrinsic causes. Intrinsic causes Extrinsic causes Renal stones … Read more
Introduction Pyelonephritis refers to a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by bacteria that ascend from the lower to upper ranges of the genitourinary system, such as the kidney. It is a bacterial infection in the kidney and renal pelvis- the upper urinary tract. An ascending UTI, which spreads from the bladder to the … Read more
Introduction Pyelogram is an x-ray procedure that uses radiopaque fluid to provide an image of the renal pelvis and urinary system. In other words, it is a radiographic examination of a renal pelvis following the injection of radiopaque material through the ureter or into a vein. Type of pyelogram Intravenous pyelogram Indication Contraindications There is … Read more