Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is infection that affect any part of the urinary system. UTIs are a serious public health issue. A variety of organisms like Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus cause UTI.
UTIs are one of the leading causes of morbidity and comorbidity in patients with underlying illnesses, accounting for most hospital visits worldwide.
Introduction Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic condition characterized by bilateral renal cysts (fluid-filled sacs) and renal enlargement. It is a progressive multisystem illness involving other organs e.g., liver, pancreas, spleen, etc. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) are two primary types of PKD. Kidney failure can … Read more
Introduction Bladder exstrophy also known as ectopic vesicae is defined as a rare congenital condition that is characterized by a variety of defects affecting the ventral body wall, urinary system, genitalia, bony pelvis, spine, anus, and other structures. Incidence Causes of Bladder Exstrophy Signs and Symptoms of Bladder Exstrophy Pathophysiology of Bladder Exstrophy Diagnosis of … Read more
Introduction Ureteritis is defined as inflammation of the ureters, which is a tube that connects the kidneys to the bladder. The inflammation or infection of the ureters causes discomfort and various complications. Incidence Classification of Ureteritis Based on cause Based on duration Based on location Other Types Eosinophilic ureteritis Xanthogranulomatous ureteritis Ureteritis cystica (UC) Causes … Read more
Introduction Hematuria is defined as the presence of at least five red blood cells (RBCs)/high-power microscope field (HPF) in three successive centrifuged specimens taken at least seven days apart. Classification of Hematuria According to the Source Glomerular hematuria Glomerular hematuria is a significant sign of renal dysfunction. Non-glomerular hematuria Extrarenal hematuria According to the Visibility … Read more
Introduction The retrograde flow of urine (regurgitation) from the urinary bladder to the upper urinary tract (kidney collecting system) is known as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Incidence Classification of Vesicoureteral Reflux Primary VUR Secondary VUR Causes of Vesicoureteral Reflux Primary VUR Lack of maturation of the vesicoureteral junction (VUJ) Congenital anomalies of the VUJ Secondary VUR … Read more
Introduction Hydronephrosis is defined as dilatation and distension of one or both kidneys’ renal collecting systems due to blockage of urine outflow distal to the renal pelvis (i.e., ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra). Incidence Causes of Hydronephrosis The causes of hydronephrosis can be classified as intrinsic and extrinsic causes. Intrinsic causes Extrinsic causes Renal stones … Read more
Introduction Pyelonephritis refers to a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by bacteria that ascend from the lower to upper ranges of the genitourinary system, such as the kidney. It is a bacterial infection in the kidney and renal pelvis- the upper urinary tract. An ascending UTI, which spreads from the bladder to the … Read more
Introduction Prostatitis is an infection or inflammation of the prostate gland that manifests as several syndromes with variable clinical characteristics. Prostatitis is described as microscopic inflammation of the prostate gland tissue and is a diagnosis that encompasses a wide variety of clinical disorders. Epidemiology Classification The International Prostatitis Collaborative Network and the National Institutes of … Read more
Introduction Cystitis refers to a group of disorders with different etiologies and pathologic processes but similar clinical manifestations. The most common symptoms are dysuria, frequency, urgency, and, on rare occasions, suprapubic discomfort. Incidence Classification of Cystitis According to Etiology There are many medically distinct forms of cystitis, each with a different etiology and treatment strategy: … Read more