Introduction Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic condition characterized by bilateral renal cysts (fluid-filled sacs) and renal enlargement. It is a progressive multisystem illness involving other organs e.g., liver, pancreas, spleen, etc. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) are two primary types of PKD. Kidney failure can … Read more
Introduction Hypospadias is a developmental disorder of the anterior urethral and penile organs. During weeks 8–14 of pregnancy, the urethra develops improperly in boys with hypospadias. The abnormal opening may appear anywhere between the area just below the penis’s tip and the scrotum. It can range in severity from mild to severe, depending on the … Read more
Introduction Undescended testicle, also called cryptorchidism, is the absence of at least one testicle from the scrotum. It is the most frequent congenital abnormality affecting the male genitalia. Cryptorchidism refers to either an undescended or mal-descended testis which denotes a hidden or obscure testis. Incidence Classification of Undescended Testicle Based on number Based on location … Read more
Introduction Proteinuria is a general term that refers to protein in the urine. It refers to the presence of proteins in the urine, such as albumin, globulin, Bence-Jones protein, and mucoprotein. The distal tubule produces Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, which accounts for over half of the protein lost in normal urine. Any number higher than the average … Read more
Introduction Bladder exstrophy also known as ectopic vesicae is defined as a rare congenital condition that is characterized by a variety of defects affecting the ventral body wall, urinary system, genitalia, bony pelvis, spine, anus, and other structures. Incidence Causes of Bladder Exstrophy Signs and Symptoms of Bladder Exstrophy Pathophysiology of Bladder Exstrophy Diagnosis of … Read more
Introduction Goodpasture syndrome (GS), also known as anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (anti-GBM), is an autoimmune condition that affects the kidneys and lungs by causing the development of autoantibodies that target their basement membranes. Incidence Causes of Goodpasture Syndrome Goodpasture syndrome appears to be caused by environmental insults in those who have a genetic susceptibility. HLA-DR15 … Read more
Introduction Ureteritis is defined as inflammation of the ureters, which is a tube that connects the kidneys to the bladder. The inflammation or infection of the ureters causes discomfort and various complications. Incidence Classification of Ureteritis Based on cause Based on duration Based on location Other Types Eosinophilic ureteritis Xanthogranulomatous ureteritis Ureteritis cystica (UC) Causes … Read more
Introduction Post-transplant erythrocytosis (PTE) is defined as elevated hemoglobin (Hb) levels greater than 17 g/dL or hematocrit (Hct) levels greater than 51% for more than six months in the absence of thrombocytosis, leukocytosis, or another probable source of erythrocytosis following kidney transplantation. Erythrocytosis, also called polycythemia, is a disorder of red blood cells that occurs … Read more
Introduction Lithotripsy is a medical procedure used to break up kidney stones and other stones in the urinary tract into smaller fragments so that they can be more easily passed out of the body. Types of Lithotripsy Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) Intracorporeal Lithotripsy Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy (EHL) Laser Lithotripsy Ultrasound Lithotripsy Indications of Lithotripsy Lithotripsy … Read more
Introduction A kidney (renal) transplant is a surgical procedure that replaces a damaged kidney with a healthy kidney obtained from a donor. The best replacement therapy for people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a kidney transplant since it extends lifespan and quality of life. Advantages of Kidney Transplant Indications of Kidney Transplant Contraindications of … Read more