Bicarbonate in Bicarbonate Dialysis There is a significant role of bicarbonate in bicarbonate dialysis. Two concentrates are used in bicarbonate dialysis: the so-called acid component and a bicarbonate solution (8.4%). Bicarbonate Buffer Hydrogen ions (H+) formed during metabolism are buffered to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which decomposes into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Carbon dioxide … Read more
Introduction Diuretics are drugs that increase urine output by the kidneys. Indications Diuretics use when the volume of liquid in the body should reduce by increasing urine output: Types of diuretics Osmotic Diuretics Pharmaceuticals Indications Contraindications Side effects Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Pharmaceuticals Indications Contraindications Side effects Thiazides Diuretics Pharmaceuticals Indications Contraindications Side effects Loop Diuretics … Read more
What is gestational diabetes (GD)? Gestational diabetes is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism that occurs or recognizes for the first-time during pregnancy. With an incidence of around 5%, it is one of the most common diseases in pregnancy. In gestational diabetes, blood glucose levels elevate. It slightly increases the risk for certain rare birth complications. … Read more
Introduction Conductivity (CD) is a measurement of the ability of the total ionic content of dialysate to conduct electricity. It depends on the concentration of the ions, the additivity of the ionic contributions (anions and cations added together) and the type of ions present. CD measurement is an important safety feature. It is measured in … Read more
There are many complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD). When it does not treat correctly, it may increase morbidity and mortality. Uremic Syndrome Renal Anemia Renal Osteopathy Acid-Base Imbalances Water and Electrolyte Imbalances Cardiovascular Disease Uremic Syndrome Uremia means urine in the blood. It is a type of blood poisoning resulting from the retention of … Read more
Renal Anemia Anemia Before learning about renal anemia, first, you should know about anemia. Anemia is defined as a reduced hemoglobin (Hb) level or too low proportion of erythrocytes in the blood volume (hematocrit). In other words, anemia is a medical condition of an insufficient transport of oxygen in the blood. According to the WHO … Read more
Plasmapheresis Plasmapheresis, also known as therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), is a non-surgical therapy that removes and replaces a patient’s blood plasma. Plasma means the liquid part of the blood and apheresis means a particular substance or component is removed from the blood. It is done to exchange plasma in the blood through an extracorporeal technique. … Read more
Peritoneal Dialysis Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a renal replacement procedure for the treatment of renal insufficiency. PD is a procedure to remove waste products (such as creatinine and urea) and extra water through the blood vessels that line the walls of the abdomen when the kidneys are no longer working effectively. The lining of the … Read more
What is Hemodialysis (HD)? Hemodialysis (HD) is a type of dialysis which is an effective and the most common artificial blood purification procedure (or renal replacement therapy) used in renal failure to replace the detoxification and excretion function. Hemodialysis removes uremic toxins from blood primarily by the transport mechanism of diffusion. The ultrafiltration method helps … Read more
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) means all extracorporeal dialysis and hemofiltration treatments that are usually carried out under intensive care conditions without significant interruption over 24 hours on one or more days and are primarily used in acute kidney failure. Types of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) Continuous Arterio-Venous Method … Read more