Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition characterized by increased blood glucose level, polyuria (excessive urine output), polydipsia (excessive thirst), and polyphagia (excessive hunger). If left untreated or uncontrolled may lead to serious damage to the heart, kidney, eyes, and blood vessels. Regulation of Blood Glucose in Healthy Condition Insulin Types of Diabetes … Read more
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is one of the most important physiological systems which plays a crucial role in controlling blood volume by regulating fluid and electrolyte balance. It involves many organs and hormones. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) Microscopic structure of the kidney Nephron Juxtaglomerular Apparatus Renin When is renin produced? Mechanism of The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System … Read more
Recirculation Recirculation in hemodialysis occurs when blood that has already been dialyzed is fed back into the dialyzer. Causes of Recirculation in Hemodialysis Fistula-Related Recirculation Cardiopulmonary Recirculation Blood Tubing System-Related (extracorporeal circuit) Recirculation The Vascular Access The Blood Tubing System Recognizing Recirculation during Hemodialysis Measuring Method of Recirculation in Hemodialysis Urea based Non-urea based The … Read more
As the effectiveness of hemodialysis depends on the urea value, let´s first understand urea. Each dialysis facility must record and report the so-called quality indicators of every patient quarterly. These include: Measurement of the effectiveness of hemodialysis There are mainly two ways to measure the effectiveness of hemodialysis. The Urea Reduction Rate (URR) K×t/V K … Read more
There are many emergency drugs that you should know for your daily practice. Some of them are listed below with doses and side effects. Drugs (Brand Names) Indications Route Adult Dose Side Effects Adenosine (Adenocard, Adenoscan, Adeno-jec, My-O-Den, Myoden) Acute treatment of supraventricular tachycardia IV 1st 0.1 mg/kg/dose 2nd 0.2mg/kg/dose 3rd 0.3mg/kg/dose. Discomfort in … Read more
What is Hyperglycemia? Hyperglycemia is the medical or technical term for high blood sugar (glucose). It happens when the body does not produce insulin or cannot use insulin properly. What are the Causes of Hyperglycemia? Hyperglycemia can have various causes : Who is at Risk of Hyperglycemia? Hyperglycemia can occur in a wide variety of … Read more
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) The oral glucose tolerance test shows how much blood glucose rises after drinking a defined sugar solution. The test helps to identify people with increased risk of diabetes or manifest type 2 diabetes. It uses commonly during pregnancy for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). What is an OGTT? An oral glucose tolerance test … Read more
Proportioning of the Dialysis Solution Proportioning means the defined enrichment of the dialysis solution with electrolytes. The electrolytes are now available as an acid concentrate in liquid form in containers, canisters, and the bicarbonate – as Bicart or Bibag. The acid concentration usually contains five electrolytes: sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and … Read more
Dialysate (Dialysis Solution for the Hemodialysis) Dialysate, also called dialysis fluid or dialysis solution, is a simple composition of pure treated water, an acidic component (acid) and a base component (sodium bicarbonate). It is mixed in the dialysis machine before it comes to the dialyzer. The electrolyte and acid-base imbalances are typical effects of end-stage … Read more
Bicarbonate in Bicarbonate Dialysis There is a significant role of bicarbonate in bicarbonate dialysis. Two concentrates are used in bicarbonate dialysis: the so-called acid component and a bicarbonate solution (8.4%). Bicarbonate Buffer Hydrogen ions (H+) formed during metabolism are buffered to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which decomposes into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Carbon dioxide … Read more