Introduction Hypospadias is a developmental disorder of the anterior urethral and penile organs. During weeks 8–14 of pregnancy, the urethra develops improperly in boys with hypospadias. The abnormal opening may appear anywhere between the area just below the penis’s tip and the scrotum. It can range in severity from mild to severe, depending on the … Read more
Introduction Undescended testicle, also called cryptorchidism, is the absence of at least one testicle from the scrotum. It is the most frequent congenital abnormality affecting the male genitalia. Cryptorchidism refers to either an undescended or mal-descended testis which denotes a hidden or obscure testis. Incidence Classification of Undescended Testicle Based on number Based on location … Read more
Introduction Bladder exstrophy also known as ectopic vesicae is defined as a rare congenital condition that is characterized by a variety of defects affecting the ventral body wall, urinary system, genitalia, bony pelvis, spine, anus, and other structures. Incidence Causes of Bladder Exstrophy Signs and Symptoms of Bladder Exstrophy Pathophysiology of Bladder Exstrophy Diagnosis of … Read more
Introduction The retrograde flow of urine (regurgitation) from the urinary bladder to the upper urinary tract (kidney collecting system) is known as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Incidence Classification of Vesicoureteral Reflux Primary VUR Secondary VUR Causes of Vesicoureteral Reflux Primary VUR Lack of maturation of the vesicoureteral junction (VUJ) Congenital anomalies of the VUJ Secondary VUR … Read more